请大家帮我做个翻译

神伴火狐

请大家帮我做个翻译，作业来的，翻译软件不行，翻译得好不顺畅，大家帮帮忙，特别是高手。谢谢。

A PARALLEL DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUE FOR MESHLESS

METHODS APPLICATIONS TO LARGE-SCALE HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS

Abstract
Mesh reduction methods such as the boundary element methods, method of fundamental solutions or the so-called mesh less methods all lead to fully populated matrices. This poses serious challenges for large-scale three-dimensional problems due to storage requirements and iterative solution of a large set of non-symmetric equations. Researchers have developed several approaches to address this issue including the class of fast-multipole techniques, use of wavelet transforms, and matrix decomposition. In this paper, we develop a domain decomposition, or the artificial sub-sectioning technique, along with a region-by-region iteration algorithm particularly tailored for parallel computation to address the coefficient matrix issue. The mesh less method we employ is based on expansions using radial basis functions (RBFS).
An efficient physically-based procedure provides an effective initial guess of the temperatures along the sub-domain interfaces. The iteration process converges very efficiently, offers substantial savings in memory, and features superior computational efficiency. The mesh less iterative domain decomposition technique is ideally suited for parallel computation. We discuss its implementation under MPI standards on a small Windows XP PC cluster. Numerical results reveal the domain decomposition mesh less methods produce accurate temperature predictions while requiring a much reduced effort in problem preparation in comparison to other traditional numerical methods.

Introduction
Traditionally, numerical techniques such as the finite element methods (FEM), the finite difference methods (FDM), and boundary element method (BEM) have been consistently and effectively employed to address field problems in science and engineering. In spite of their great success, these conventional numerical methods still have some drawbacks that impair their computational efficiency and even limit their applicability to more practical problems, particularly in three-dimensional problems. The major reason is that these methods typically use low order piecewise polynomial approximations, and a common feature is the need to create a mesh in the solution domain and its boundary. As a result, the numerical solution depend strongly on the mesh properties. In most cases mesh generation is the most time consuming part of the solution process and it is far from automated, particularly in 3D. For instance, the generation of a mesh used in the simulation of the airflow of the space shuttle can take several months, while the numerical computation itself may take only a few hours on a high performance computer. The major cost in such analyses is FEM, FDM, or BEM mesh generation. In recent years, mesh less or mesh-free methods have been under intensive research to overcome the difficulty of meshing the solution domain [1-6]. The term mesh-free method refers to the ability of the method to approximate the given differential equations from a set of unstructured nodes, that is, without any pre-defined connectivity or relationship among the nodes. One of the key advantages of mesh-free methods as compared to traditional mesh-based methods is the saving of human labor dedicated to mesh generation. According to Belytschko et. al. [1], "...even with powerful mesh generators, three-dimensional meshing is still an extremely burdensome task and that the conversion of solid models to finite element data is time consuming and often introduces numerous ambiguities". Instead of generating a mesh, the mesh-free methods use scattered nodes, which can be randomly distributed, through the computational domain. Such techniques are reminiscent of spectral methods [7] that were developed on the basis of global orthogonal expansion functions such as Legendre or Chebyshev契比谢夫polynomials. What differentiates the so-called mesh free methods is the type of expansion function adopted and the specific weighted residual principles invoked in the formulation. We consider a collocation approach based on radial basis function expansions [8] as applied to steady heat advection diffusion and propose a domain decomposition approach to address numerical issues associated with both the fully populated coefficient matrix arising in mesh less methods and the high conditioning number associated with that matrix. We show that the proposed approach is effective in significantly reducing the conditioning number and offers a distinct advantage in terms of reduced storage and computational efficiency over standard approaches to mesh less methods.

FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER AROUND TWO CIRCULAR

CYLINDERS IN SIDE-BY-SIDE ARRANGEMENT

ABSTRACT
Incompressible flows passing through two circular cylinders in side-by-side arrangement are investigated numerically. The calculations are carried out with pitch ratios from 1.1 to 2.0 at Reynolds number of 1000. The flow and temperature fields, flow interference, and the local and the mean Nusselt numbers are studied in this research. It is observed that for the pitch ratios in the range of 2.0 and 1.5, the emerging jet between cylinders deflects and one wide and one narrow wakes behind the cylinders are formed. The gap flow velocity increases as the pitch ratio decreases and consequently increases the mean Nusselt number of the cylinders. As the pitch ratio decreases and is less than 1.5, the jet deflection is more severe and the gap flow velocity starts to decrease slowly, which results in reducing the mean Nusselt number of the cylinders. Due to the rapid reduction of the narrow wake size, the mean Nusselt number of the cylinder with narrow wake shows an uprising tendency for the decreasing pitch ratio less than 1.2.

INTRODUCTION
The forced convection heat transfer phenomenon of fluid flow across a single or a group of circular cylinders is not only an important fundamental question in fluid dynamics and heat transfer but also has many practical applications in various areas of science and engineering. Many related engineering applications of the heat transfer and flow characteristics of a single tube, a tube row, and tube banks have been presented. Aiba [1991], Zukauskas & Ziugzda [1985], Hiwada et al. [1979, 1982], Ota et al. [1986], and Yamamoto & Hattori [1996] have investigated the heat transfer and flow structures around circular cylinders in cross flow under various conditions numerically and/or experimentally. The influences of the tube spacing on the flow pattern, on the local circumferential heat transfer, and on the mean Nusselt number for a complete tube bank have been investigated by Scholten & Murray [1998], Roychowdhury et al. [2002], and Buyruk [2002]. It was shown that the heat transfer behavior within tube banks strongly depends upon the tube arrangement, the pitch ratios, the location of the row, the thermal boundary conditions, and the Reynolds number. From previous studies, it also showed that the heat transfer coefficient for the tube in the first row of the tube bank or on the upstream cylinder of the cylinder pair is approximately equal to that for a single tube in cross flow. The flow field around a pair of rigid circular cylinder is a complex subject and has been extensively studied. Over the years, hundreds of papers, representing experimental and/or theoretical studies, have been published. Extensive reviews have been given by Morkovin [1964], Mair & Maull [1971], Berger & Wille [1972], and more recently by Chen [1987]. The interaction of the wakes behind a cylinder pair has been reviewed by Zdrakovich [1977, 1984] and Chen [1987]. They addressed that the boundary layers development and the inhibiting normal velocity components by the adjacent bodies would influence the flow behavior around the cylinders. Based on the experimental observations and measurements, it is a long recognized fact that the flow pattern of an uniform flow passing through two identical cylinders in a side-by-side arrangement normal to the flow with pitch ratios (P/d) less than 2.0 is asymmetric. The jet emerging from the cylinder gap is biased and one wide and one narrow wakes are formed downstream. Two Strouhal frequencies are associated with the two wakes. It is believed that the biased flow was due to the Coanda effect. Similar results have been obtained by Bearman & Wadcock [1973], Jendrzejeck & Chen [1986], and Cheng & Moretti [1991, 1992]. The biased gap flow and the asymmetric flow pattern could provide a mechanism to alter the heat transfer behavior of each cylinder in the cylinder pair. Additionally, as described previously, for closely-spaced cylinder pair, the emerging jet is
biased and forms one wide and one narrow wake downstream.
The emerging jet flow velocity and the wake size must have certain amount effect on the heat transfer behavior on each cylinder, which is still unclear. Therefore, it is not appropriate to assume that the heat transfer characteristic of each cylinder in a closely-spaced cylinder pair is identical to that of a single cylinder in cross flow.
During this decade, the experimental and theoretical studies dealing with the heat transfer and fluid structure of a cylinder pair in different arrangements have been published with a great number amount. However, due to the complexity of flow behavior between and behind cylinder pair as well as the complexity of dynamic interaction between cylinders and fluid flow, to date the phenomenon of heat transfer behavior of closely-spaced circular cylinder pair subjected to cross flow is still far from being completely understood. Moreover, most of the published literatures deal with the practical engineering applications, but relatively few fundamental researches have been conducted. A better understanding of the heat transfer behavior for closely-spaced cylinder pair is essential to develop and to improve the design methods for highly rated heat exchangers. To predict the heat transfer behavior in a closely spaced cylinder pair subjected to cross flow, there must be an understanding of the phenomena that alter the fluid flow and heat transfer. In order to understand the characteristics of heat transfer more clearly, it is necessary to investigate further into the detailed flow behavior and heat transfer behavior around a cylinder pair. The present study is carried out by using numerical analysis technique to study emerging jet deflection,
wake size, jet flow velocity, local Nusselt number distribution,
and mean Nusselt number of cylinder pair subjected to cross flow. Although this study is restricted to laminar flow, it offers valuable information for understanding the detailed structures in the above-mentioned phenomena. It is hoped that this study would provide some deeper insight into heat transfer behavior.

胖布头

既然是作业就应该自己做

daxian

路过 不支持

LapuTa

吐血 这么长 谁做。。。。

vinnie

= =咦···进错房间了···

linyunjane

啊呀……我什么都没看见……

wysl1985

哦 看错主题了

sovietlijie

哗哗。。。长的吓人。这种东东不敢揽

风之谷的追随者

认真读文献是件很令人开心的是，LZ加油哦~~~

里亚海の豚

你可以分批发
虽然即使那样我也不会翻译= =#